????Ⅰ動詞(時態,語態,用法,省略,一致性等)

????時態

????1)現在完成進行時態 (have/has been + -ing 分詞構成): 動作或狀態從過去某時開始,繼續到現在,可能繼續下去,也可能剛剛結束.

????I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

????I’ve been sitting in the garden.

????2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作

????I’d been working for some time when he called.

????We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

????3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.

????By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

????In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

????4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構成): 將來某時已發生的事.

????I shall have finished this one before lunch.

????They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

????語態

????可以有兩種被動結構的類型,例如:

????He was said to be jealous of her success.

????It was said that he was jealous of her success.

????能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

????It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

????The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

????擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:

????Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應該曉得速度限制)

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?? 雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態

????雙賓語結構的被動語態: 雙賓語結構變為被動語態時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數是把間接賓語變為主語.

????He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

????Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

????賓補結構的被動語態:

????She was called Big Sister by everybody.

????Then he was made a squad leader.

????He was considered quite qualified for the job.

????The room was always kept clean and tidy.

????短語動詞

????Vi + adv

????The plane took off two hours late.

????Vi + prep

????They looked round the Cathedral.

????Vi + prep (有被動語態)

????She’s looking after her sister’s children.

????The children were always well looked after.

????Vi + adv + prep

????I began to look forward to their visits.

????Vt + O + adv

????Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

????The children were brought up by their mother.

????They took him on.

????Vt + adv + O (無被動語態)

????I am trying to give up smoking.

????Vt + O + prep

????We talked Donald into agreement.

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